Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

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What are the types of leukemia?
There are four main types of leukemia, which can be further divided into subtypes. When classifying the type of leukemia, the first steps are to determine if the cancer is:

1. lymphocytic or myelogenous leukemia:
Cancer can occur in either the lymphoid or myeloid white blood cells.

> When the cancer develops in the lymphocytes (lymphoid cells), it is called lymphocytic leukemia.

> When the cancer develops in the granulocytes or monocytes (myeloid cells), it is called myelogenous leukemia.

2. acute or chronic leukemia:
Leukemia is either acute or chronic.

> acute leukemia
The new or immature cells, called blasts, remain very immature and cannot perform their functions. The blasts increase in number rapidly, and the disease progresses quickly.

> chronic leukemia
Cells are more mature and grow more slowly, and the number increases less quickly, so the disease progresses gradually.

Based on these findings, the leukemia is then classified into one of the four main types of leukemias: acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML); acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL); or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

What is chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a cancer of the blood in which too many granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced in the bone marrow.

Normally, bone marrow cells mature into several different types of blood cells. CML affects the young blood cells (called blasts) that develop into a type of white blood cell (called granulocytes). The main function of granulocytes is to fight infection. The blasts, which do not mature and become too numerous, remain in the bone marrow and blood.

Symptoms of chronic myelogenous leukemia can develop over a period of months or years. A specific chromosome rearrangement is found in patients with CML. Part of chromosome #9 breaks off and attaches itself to chromosome #22, so that there is an exchange of genetic material between these two chromosomes. This rearrangement changes the position and functions of certain genes, which results in uncontrolled cell growth. Other chromosome abnormalities can also be present.

CML occurs mainly in adults and is rare in children.

What are the symptoms of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

The following are the most common symptoms of chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

anemia
bleeding
bruising
fever
persistent weakness
fatigue
aches in bones and joints
swollen lymph nodes

The symptoms of chronic myelogenous leukemia may resemble other blood disorders or medical problems. Always consult your physician for a diagnosis.

How is chronic myelogenous leukemia diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for chronic myelogenous leukemia may include:

complete blood count
bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy - a procedure that involves taking a small amount of bone marrow fluid (aspiration) and/or solid bone marrow tissue (called a core biopsy), usually from the hip bones, to be examined for the number, size, and maturity of blood cells and/or abnormal cells.
additional blood tests and other evaluation procedures

Treatment for myelogenous leukemia:

Chronic myelogenous leukemia usually changes to acute leukemia 1-5 years after diagnosis and at the acute stage is very difficult to treat. A new treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia in the early (chronic) stage (Gleevec) induces complete disease remissions in 95% of patients. Gleevec is given by mouth and tolerated by nearly all patients.

Specific treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia will be determined by your physician based on: