Neuro-ophthalmologists take care of patients with visual problems that are related to the nervous system that do not come from the eyes themselves. People use almost half of the brain for vision-related activities, including sight and moving the eyes. Neuro-ophthamology, a subspecialty of both neurology and ophthalmology, requires specialized training and expertise in problems of the eye, brain, cranial nerves, and ocular muscles. Neuro-ophthalmologists complete at least 5 years of clinical training after medical school and are usually board certified in either Neurology, Ophthalmology, or both.

Some of the common problems evaluated by neuro-ophthalmologists include: optic nerve problems (such as optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy and papilledema), visual field loss, unexplained visual loss, transient visual loss, double vision, abnormal eye movements, thyroid eye disease, myasthenia gravis, unequal pupil size, and eyelid abnormalities.